Setting Up a Linux Server from Scratch: A Step-by-Step Guide

Step 1: Choose Your Linux Distribution

Before you begin, select a Linux distribution that suits your needs. Popular choices include:

• Ubuntu Server: User-friendly and widely supported.
• CentOS: Known for stability and enterprise-level features.
• Debian: Renowned for its robustness and extensive package repository.

Step 2: : Download the ISO File

Visit the official website of your chosen distribution and download the latest ISO file. For example, for Ubuntu Server, you can find it  

https://ubuntu.com/download/server

Step 3: Create a Bootable USB Drive

# sudo dd if=/path/to/your.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M status=progress

Replace /dev/sdX with your USB drive identifier.

Step 4: Boot from the USB Drive

Insert the USB drive into the server and reboot. Access the BIOS/UEFI settings (usually by pressing F2, F10, or Del during startup) and set the USB drive as the primary boot device.

Step 5: Install the Linux Distribution

Follow the on-screen instructions to install the operating system.

 Key steps include: 

 Selecting the language and keyboard layout. 

Configuring network settings (DHCP or static IP). 

Partitioning the disk (use guided partitioning for simplicity).

Step 6: Set Up User Accounts

During installation, create a user account with administrative privileges. Avoid using the root account for daily tasks to enhance security.

Step 7: Update the System

Once the installation is complete, log in and update your system to ensure all packages are current: 

  # sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y # For Ubuntu/Debian

  # sudo yum update -y # For CentOS

Step 8: Install Essential Packages

Install essential packages that will help you manage your server effectively. Common packages include:

# sudo apt install vim git curl wget net-tools # For Ubuntu/Debian

# sudo yum install vim git curl wget net-tools # For CentOS

Step 9: Configure Firewall

Set up a firewall to protect your server. For example, using ufw on Ubuntu:

# sudo ufw allow OpenSSH

# sudo ufw enable

Step 10: Secure SSH Access

To enhance security, modify the SSH configuration:

1. Open the SSH configuration file:

# sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

2. Change the default port (optional):

# Port 2222

3. Disable root login:

# PermitRootLogin no

4. Restart the SSH service:

# sudo systemctl restart sshd

Step 11: Set Up Automatic Updates (Optional)

To ensure your server remains secure, consider enabling automatic updates:

# sudo apt install unattended-upgrades # For Ubuntu/Debian

Step 12: Regular Backups

Implement a backup strategy to safeguard your data. Use tools like rsync or tar for file backups, or consider a dedicated backup solution.

Setting up a Linux server from scratch may seem daunting, but by following these steps, one can create a secure and efficient environment tailored to your needs. Regular maintenance and updates will ensure your server remains reliable and secure over time.